十(shi)九(jiu)大報告立(li)足于(yu)(yu)2035年基本實現(xian)(xian)社(she)會主(zhu)義現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)、2050年建成(cheng)富強民主(zhu)文明和諧美麗的(de)社(she)會主(zhu)義現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)強國(guo)，明確(que)要(yao)求加(jia)快推進農業(ye)農村(cun)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)，并突出強調(diao)要(yao)堅持(chi)農業(ye)農村(cun)優先(xian)發展(zhan)。之(zhi)所以這么強調(diao)，原(yuan)因在于(yu)(yu)我國(guo)城鄉二元(yuan)結構特征(zheng)仍十(shi)分明顯(xian)，在未(wei)來的(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)新征(zheng)程中，必(bi)須(xu)補齊農業(ye)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)這個(ge)“四化(hua)(hua)同步”的(de)短板、農村(cun)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)這個(ge)國(guo)家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)弱項(xiang)。

必(bi)須(xu)清(qing)醒地(di)看到，在市(shi)場力(li)量(liang)的(de)(de)作用下，各類資源要(yao)素會自發(fa)地(di)流向(xiang)高回報率的(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)城市(shi)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)在這場資源要(yao)素爭奪戰中(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)會敗下陣(zhen)來。特別是對(dui)我國(guo)這種后(hou)發(fa)追(zhui)趕型(xing)(xing)國(guo)家而言，在現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)，工(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)往(wang)往(wang)是快(kuai)變量(liang)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民向(xiang)現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉型(xing)(xing)往(wang)往(wang)是慢變量(liang)。在快(kuai)速工(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)想避(bi)免(mian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)衰退(tui)、鄉村(cun)(cun)衰落，實現(xian)國(guo)家協調均衡發(fa)展(zhan)，必(bi)須(xu)牢固樹立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)優先發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)理念(nian)，切(qie)實加大對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)支持力(li)度。

堅持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村優先發(fa)(fa)展，必須(xu)貫徹“重(zhong)中之(zhi)重(zhong)”的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。新(xin)世紀以來，為了確保廣(guang)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)村同全國一道在2020年如期(qi)實(shi)現(xian)全面(mian)建成(cheng)小康(kang)社會的(de)(de)目(mu)標，中央(yang)強調要把解(jie)決好“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”問(wen)題(ti)作為全黨工作的(de)(de)重(zhong)中之(zhi)重(zhong)，先后提(ti)(ti)出了多予少取(qu)放活、統籌(chou)城鄉發(fa)(fa)展、城鄉發(fa)(fa)展一體化等重(zhong)大方針，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村發(fa)(fa)展取(qu)得(de)了歷史(shi)性成(cheng)就。面(mian)向未來，無論是在全面(mian)建成(cheng)小康(kang)社會的(de)(de)決勝期(qi)，還(huan)是在全面(mian)建設(she)社會主義現(xian)代化國家(jia)的(de)(de)新(xin)征程(cheng)中，“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”問(wen)題(ti)都是關系國計民生(sheng)的(de)(de)根本性問(wen)題(ti)。從城市(shi)這(zhe)頭看，不(bu)僅需要農(nong)(nong)(nong)業提(ti)(ti)供數量充(chong)足(zu)、品(pin)種豐富、品(pin)質安(an)全的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)，而(er)且需要農(nong)(nong)(nong)村提(ti)(ti)供清潔(jie)的(de)(de)空氣和水源、怡人(ren)的(de)(de)田園(yuan)風光。

從農(nong)(nong)村(cun)這頭看(kan)(kan)，今后即便城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化水平有(you)了很大(da)(da)提高，仍將生(sheng)活著幾億人口，他(ta)們也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)穩定的就業、富足的生(sheng)活、宜(yi)居的環境。滿(man)足城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)和(he)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)兩頭的需(xu)要(yao)(yao)，并不是一件輕(qing)而易(yi)舉(ju)的事，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)處理好多種錯綜復雜的關系(xi)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)發揮我們的制(zhi)度優勢。把“重(zhong)中之重(zhong)”的要(yao)(yao)求落到(dao)實處，關鍵在于轉變政績觀。衡量一個地(di)方(fang)工作(zuo)的好壞(huai)，要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)工業，更(geng)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)農(nong)(nong)業；要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，更(geng)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)；要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)經濟總量，更(geng)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)(kan)民生(sheng)改(gai)善。在領導精力擺布、財政資金分配、重(zhong)大(da)(da)項(xiang)目(mu)安(an)排等方(fang)面，真正(zheng)做到(dao)向農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)傾斜。

堅持農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村優先發展，必須建立健全有利于各類資金向農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村流(liu)動的(de)體制機制。促進農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村現代化，仍然適用“一靠政策二靠科技三靠投(tou)入”的(de)思路(lu)，投(tou)入的(de)重(zhong)要性甚至更加凸顯。

一方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)堅持把(ba)農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)作為財政支(zhi)出的優先領(ling)域，確保農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)投入適度增加；另一方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)把(ba)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)精力放在創新使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)式、提高(gao)支(zhi)農(nong)效能(neng)上。要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好“整合”和(he)“撬動”兩篇文(wen)章(zhang)。“整合”，就是要(yao)(yao)發揮規劃的統(tong)籌引(yin)領(ling)作用(yong)(yong)，把(ba)各類(lei)涉(she)農(nong)資金盡可能(neng)打捆使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，形成合力。“撬動”，就是要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過(guo)以獎代補、貼息、擔保等方(fang)式，引(yin)導金融和(he)社(she)會資本(ben)更(geng)多地投向農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)。

農村存款(kuan)(kuan)相當部分(fen)不能(neng)在農村轉化(hua)為投(tou)資，通過金(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構(gou)的虹吸(xi)效(xiao)應流向城市，是亟待解決的現實(shi)(shi)問(wen)題(ti)。要從“建(jian)機制”和“建(jian)機構(gou)”兩方面采(cai)取措(cuo)施(shi)。“建(jian)機制”，就是要落實(shi)(shi)涉(she)農貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)增量(liang)獎勵(li)政策，對涉(she)農業務達(da)到一定(ding)比(bi)例的金(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構(gou)實(shi)(shi)行差別化(hua)監管和考(kao)核辦法，適當下放縣域(yu)分(fen)支機構(gou)業務審批權限(xian)，解決投(tou)放“三農”貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)積極性不足(zu)的問(wen)題(ti)。“建(jian)機構(gou)”，就是要優化(hua)村鎮銀行設立模式、提高縣市覆蓋面，開(kai)展農民合(he)(he)作(zuo)社內部信用(yong)合(he)(he)作(zuo)，支持現有大(da)型金(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構(gou)增加縣域(yu)網(wang)點，解決投(tou)放“三農”貸(dai)(dai)款(kuan)(kuan)市場(chang)主(zhu)體不足(zu)的問(wen)題(ti)。

重點是(shi)探索建立社(she)會資(zi)本(ben)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)的用(yong)地保障機制。例如(ru)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)經濟組織(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)將村(cun)(cun)莊整治、宅(zhai)基地整理等節(jie)約的建設(she)用(yong)地，以(yi)(yi)入(ru)(ru)股(gu)、聯(lian)營等方(fang)式(shi)，與社(she)會資(zi)本(ben)共同(tong)發展鄉村(cun)(cun)休閑旅游養老等產(chan)(chan)業和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)三產(chan)(chan)融(rong)合項(xiang)目。又如(ru)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)經濟組織(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)通過出租、合作等方(fang)式(shi)，引進(jin)社(she)會資(zi)本(ben)盤活(huo)利用(yong)空閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)房及宅(zhai)基地。開展資(zi)源變資(zi)產(chan)(chan)、資(zi)金變股(gu)金、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)變股(gu)民(min)等改革，也(ye)有(you)利于促進(jin)社(she)會資(zi)本(ben)進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)。

堅(jian)持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)優先發展，必須提(ti)(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)效能。近年(nian)來(lai)，隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)收入(ru)水平提(ti)(ti)高(gao)，補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)收入(ru)增量(liang)和總量(liang)中的(de)占比(bi)(bi)都在下降(jiang)；隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)成本提(ti)(ti)高(gao)，補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)中越來(lai)越多的(de)部分(fen)(fen)被成本上漲“吃(chi)”掉了。還(huan)要看到，目(mu)前部分(fen)(fen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)是與當年(nian)生產(chan)掛(gua)鉤(gou)的(de)，屬于世界(jie)貿易組織(zhi)認定(ding)的(de)“黃箱”政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，不(bu)能超過一定(ding)比(bi)(bi)例，今后即便(bian)國家財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有錢也不(bu)能隨(sui)(sui)意增加(jia)(jia)(jia)這類(lei)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)了。最近兩年(nian)，國家已開始著(zhu)(zhu)手調整完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，如實行(xing)棉花(hua)目(mu)標價格(ge)補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)試(shi)點、推行(xing)玉米“市場化收購(gou)+生產(chan)者補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)”、推進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)“三項補(bu)(bu)(bu)貼(tie)”制度改革。今后我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)支持(chi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)力度還(huan)應(ying)繼續加(jia)(jia)(jia)大，但要調整政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)著(zhu)(zhu)力點。應(ying)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)競(jing)爭力指(zhi)向(xiang)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)大對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田水利、土地(di)整治(zhi)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科技、職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培訓等(deng)的(de)投(tou)入(ru)，促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)降(jiang)成本、提(ti)(ti)效率。還(huan)應(ying)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)綠色生態指(zhi)向(xiang)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)大對(dui)退(tui)(tui)耕還(huan)林、退(tui)(tui)耕還(huan)濕和退(tui)(tui)養(yang)還(huan)灘(tan)、節水灌溉、耕地(di)地(di)力保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、化肥和農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥減量(liang)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢棄物回收、地(di)下水超采和重金屬污染地(di)區治(zhi)理等(deng)的(de)投(tou)入(ru)，促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)可持(chi)續發展。

堅持農業(ye)農村優(you)先發展，必須提高農村公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)(wu)供(gong)給水平(ping)。經過多年(nian)努力，農村公(gong)共(gong)(gong)服務(wu)(wu)體系的“四梁(liang)八柱”已經搭起來，實現(xian)了從(cong)“無”到(dao)“有”的歷史性(xing)轉變。

目前主要問題在于公(gong)共(gong)服務(wu)領域的(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)差距仍(reng)然太大(da)，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)公(gong)共(gong)服務(wu)的(de)保(bao)障水平太低(di)(di)。應把從“有(you)”到“好(hao)”作為主攻方(fang)向，繼續推動(dong)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)義(yi)務(wu)教(jiao)育(yu)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)、著力(li)(li)提高農(nong)村(cun)(cun)義(yi)務(wu)教(jiao)育(yu)質量和(he)便利性，完善(shan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民(min)(min)基(ji)本養老(lao)(lao)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)制度(du)(du)、著力(li)(li)增加農(nong)民(min)(min)基(ji)礎(chu)養老(lao)(lao)金，完善(shan)統一的(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)居(ju)民(min)(min)基(ji)本醫療保(bao)險(xian)(xian)制度(du)(du)和(he)大(da)病保(bao)險(xian)(xian)制度(du)(du)、著力(li)(li)提高農(nong)民(min)(min)報銷比例，統籌(chou)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)社會救助體(ti)(ti)系、著力(li)(li)提高農(nong)村(cun)(cun)低(di)(di)保(bao)標(biao)準和(he)覆蓋面。特別是要針對農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人口(kou)結構的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，健全農(nong)村(cun)(cun)留守兒童(tong)和(he)婦(fu)女(nv)、老(lao)(lao)年人關愛服務(wu)體(ti)(ti)系，構建(jian)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)養老(lao)(lao)、孝(xiao)老(lao)(lao)、敬老(lao)(lao)政策(ce)體(ti)(ti)系和(he)社會環境(jing)。

堅持農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)(cun)優先發(fa)展(zhan)，必須為(wei)(wei)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)聚人(ren)(ren)氣(qi)、添活(huo)力。隨(sui)著大量(liang)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)口轉移進城(cheng)，部(bu)分地方出現了“空心(xin)(xin)屋”“空心(xin)(xin)村(cun)(cun)”，缺(que)乏人(ren)(ren)氣(qi)，甚(shen)至略顯凋零，這是(shi)現代化進程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)現象(xiang)，也是(shi)正(zheng)常現象(xiang)。我們(men)沒有理(li)由(you)阻止農(nong)民進城(cheng)，也阻止不了部(bu)分村(cun)(cun)落的(de)(de)(de)衰退(tui)和(he)消(xiao)亡。我們(men)要做的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)在(zai)(zai)推(tui)進城(cheng)鎮化的(de)(de)(de)同時，以縣(xian)域為(wei)(wei)單元，前(qian)瞻性(xing)地規劃好(hao)村(cun)(cun)鎮體系，把傳統民居(ju)和(he)古村(cun)(cun)落保護好(hao)，把今后將長期存在(zai)(zai)下去的(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)莊建設好(hao)。應(ying)從目前(qian)還在(zai)(zai)務(wu)農(nong)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)培養一(yi)批新(xin)型職業農(nong)民，鼓勵部(bu)分農(nong)民工返鄉(xiang)創業，吸引城(cheng)市各類人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)下鄉(xiang)創業和(he)休閑(xian)、旅游、養老。只有這樣，鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)才能重聚人(ren)(ren)氣(qi)，最(zui)終實現振(zhen)興。

良種還需良法，同樣優良的種子，不同的人種植有不同結果，說明種子是前提，技術是關鍵。為此，本公司組織技術人員編寫了一本通俗易懂的栽培技術要點，希望對引種者有一定的實際幫助。
點擊免費領取!